Determining a home loan that is best for you
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One of the most important steps in buying a home is determining what kind of mortgage is right for you. After all, a mortgage is a financial commitment that will last for many years. Make sure you select a mortgage that matches your risk tolerance and financial situation. 
Fixed rate mortgages
With a fixed rate mortgage, the interest rate and monthly payments stay the same for the life of the loan.
These mortgages are usually fully amortizing, meaning that your payments combine interest and principal in such a way that the loan will be fully paid off in a specified number years. A 30-year term is the most common, although if you want to build equity more quickly, you might opt for a 15- or 20-year term, which usually carries a lower interest rate. For home buyers seeking the lowest possible monthly payment, 40-year terms are available with a higher interest rate.
Consider a fixed rate mortgage if you:
- are planning to stay in your home for several years.
- want the security of regular payments and an unchanging interest rate.
- believe interest rates are likely to rise.
Adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)
With an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM), the interest rate changes periodically, and payments may go up or down accordingly. Adjustment periods generally occur at intervals of one, three or five years.
All ARMs are tied to an index, which is an independently published rate (such as those set by the Federal Reserve) that changes regularly to reflect economic conditions. Common indexes you’ll encounter include COFI (11th District Cost of Funds Index), LIBOR (London Inter bank Offered Rate), MTA (12-month Treasury Average, also called MAT) and CMT (Constant Maturity Treasury). At each adjustment period, the lender adds a specified number of percentage points, called a margin, to determine the new interest rate on your mortgage. For example, if the index is at 5 percent and your ARM has a margin of 2.5 percent, your “fully indexed” rate would be 7.5 percent.
ARMs offer a lower initial rate than fixed rate mortgages, and if interest rates remain steady or decrease, they may be less expensive over time. However, if interest rates increase, you’ll be faced with higher monthly payments in the future.
Consider an adjustable rate mortgage if you:
- are planning to be in your home for less than three years.
- want the lowest interest rate possible and are willing to tolerate some risk to achieve it.
- believe interest rates are likely to go down.
Hybrid mortgages
A hybrid mortgage combines the features of fixed rate and adjustable rate loans. It starts off with a stable interest rate for several years, after which it converts to an ARM, with the rate being adjusted every year for the remaining life of the loan.
Hybrid mortgages are often referred to as 3/1 or 5/1, and so on. The first number is the length of the fixed term -- usually three, five, seven or ten years. The second is the adjustment interval that applies when the fixed term is over. So with a 7/1 hybrid, you pay a fixed rate of interest for seven years; after that, the interest rate will change annually.
Consider a hybrid mortgage if you:
- would like the peace of mind that comes with a consistent monthly payment for three or more years, with an interest rate that’s only slightly higher than an annually adjusted ARM.
- are planning to sell your home or refinance shortly after the fixed term is over.
Option ARMs
Also called “flex ARMs” or “pick a payment mortgages,” these are adjustable rate mortgages with a twist. Each month, rather than paying a set amount, you’ll receive a statement with up to four payment options, ranging from a small minimum to a fully amortized payment. You select the amount you want to pay each month.
Option ARMs entice borrowers by offering initial low minimum payments, but after an introductory period, the required minimum rises substantially. In addition, if you choose the minimum payment option too often, you won’t build equity in your home and may even end up increasing your loan’s balance.
Consider an option ARM if you:
- want flexibility because you have a fluctuating income, for example, if you’re self-employed or work on commission.
- are financially disciplined and won’t be tempted to simply pay the minimum every month.
Interest-only and balloon mortgages
Unlike an amortized mortgage where you pay a combination of interest and principal each month, with an interest-only mortgage you pay only interest for a fixed period, usually from five to 10 years. This means the principal never goes down, and after this period has elapsed you have to either pay the entire principal off or start paying down the principal, which results in much higher monthly payments.
Balloon mortgages also offer low regular payments for a number of years (often just slightly below what you’d pay for a 30-year fixed rate mortgage). After this fixed period, the principal must be repaid as a lump sum, which generally means refinancing. Because very little of the principal has been paid down, once again, your payments will increase.
These loans can be helpful temporarily, but they don’t allow you to build equity in your home, and they can cause serious financial strain when the principal comes due.
Consider an interest-only or balloon mortgage if you:
- are buying a home with the expectation of an improvement in your financial situation, for example, you have a large debt that will be paid off in a few years.
- want to stay in your current home but are experiencing a temporary financial squeeze, for example, you are going back to school, or taking a few years off to stay home with your children.
The details
Once you know what type of loan is right for you, look at the specifics. First, of course, is the interest rate. Remember, however, that the rate you’re offered may not tell the whole story. Are there closing costs, points or other charges tacked on? Make sure you ask for the loan’s annual percentage rate (APR), which adds up all the costs of the loan and expresses them as a simple percentage. Lenders are required by law to calculate this rate using the same formula, so it’s a good benchmark for comparison.
The features of your loan, which may be buried in small print, are just as important. A favorable adjustable-rate loan, for example, protects you with caps, which limit how much the rate and/or monthly payment can increase from one year to the next. Ask whether a mortgage carries a prepayment penalty, which may make it expensive to refinance. And don’t be seduced by low monthly payments -- some of these loans leave you with a large balloon payment due all at once when the term is up.
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